|
| |
 |
|
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2023 | Volume
: 20
| Issue : 1 | Page : 136-142 |
|
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Uncaria tomentosa extract: In vitro and in vivo studies
Enass Najem Oubaid1, Ahmed Rahmah Abu-Raghif2, Israa Mahdi Al-Sudani3
1 College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
2 College of Medicine, AL-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
3 College of Medicine, Ibn Sina University of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
| Date of Submission | 03-Dec-2022 |
| Date of Acceptance | 20-Dec-2022 |
| Date of Web Publication | 29-Apr-2023 |
Correspondence Address:
Enass Najem Oubaid
College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hilla, Babylon Province
Iraq
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
DOI: 10.4103/MJBL.MJBL_310_22
Background: Uncaria tomentosa is a traditional medicinal herb with antiviral, antioxidant, immunostimulating, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo and the phytochemical analysis of Uncaria tomentosa. Materials and Methods: The plant extract was screened for phytochemical compounds and antioxidant capacity in vitro using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and in vivo using acetic acid-induced colitis. Colitis was induced in rats by transrectal administration (5 mL/kg) of 4% (v/v) acetic acid. Forty adult albino rats were divided into four groups: control group, acetic acid group, acetic acid + sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg/day) group, and acetic acid + Uncaria tomentosa extract (250 mg/kg/day) group. After inducing colitis, sulfasalazine and Uncaria tomentosa extract were given orally for 10 days. Data were statistically analyzed, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant throughout the study. Results: Preliminary phytochemical study showed that Uncaria tomentosa extract contains flavonoids, phenols alkaloids, saponin, and terpenoids. In the DPPH assay, the extract exhibited considerable antioxidant capacity in a dose-dependent manner. Also, Uncaria tomentosa extract dramatically decreased oxidative stress parameters, such as myeloperoxidase enzyme activity and malondialdehyde in colonic tissue. Moreover, Uncaria tomentosa treatment attenuated macroscopic colonic scores and histopathological changes induced by acetic acid. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that Uncaria tomentosa extract could be a source of natural antioxidants and may have a therapeutic effect on ulcerative colitis. Keywords: Antioxidant, colitis, DPPH, extract, polyphenols, Uncaria tomentosa
How to cite this article:
Oubaid EN, Abu-Raghif AR, Al-Sudani IM. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Uncaria tomentosa extract: In vitro and in vivo studies. Med J Babylon 2023;20:136-42 |
How to cite this URL:
Oubaid EN, Abu-Raghif AR, Al-Sudani IM. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Uncaria tomentosa extract: In vitro and in vivo studies. Med J Babylon [serial online] 2023 [cited 2023 May 29];20:136-42. Available from: https://www.medjbabylon.org/text.asp?2023/20/1/136/375139 |
| Introduction | |  |
Herbal remedies have been used to treat diseases for centuries and are considered the primary source of most found medicines.[1] Medicinal herbs mainly contain several phytochemicals, such as glycosides, alkaloids, triterpenes, saponins, and polyphenols, which are assumed to work synergistically and can be used to treat different diseases.[2]Uncaria tomentosa (UT) (Willd.) DC., widely known as cat’s claw, is a member of the Rubiaceae family. It is a creeper vine that grows mainly in the rainy tropical forests of Central and South America. It has long been used as a medicine because of its medicinal characteristics such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, immunostimulating, and antimutagen agent.[3] UT contains various chemical components, including oxindole alkaloids, triterpenes, tannins, sterols, flavonoids, glycosides, and various polyphenols.[4] Most studies have shown UT’s anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects arise from oxindole alkaloids. Recently, it was found that the pharmacological activity of this species derives from the synergistic effect of several compounds, especially polyphenolic compounds.[5] Therefore, we have chosen UT to screen its phytochemical compounds and to investigate its antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo against colitis.
The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay is a practical, efficient, and inexpensive method for assessing in vitro antioxidant activity.[6] DPPH is a stable, deep-purple free radical with a notable absorption band at 515–520 nm. It can receive a hydrogen atom or an electron from an antioxidant molecule to become more stable. Antioxidant activity can be determined spectrophotometrically. The less DPPH purple color in the sample, the more free radicals were eliminated.[7] The data are given as an inhibitory concentration (IC50). IC50 is the sample concentration required to lower the starting DPPH concentration by 50%.[8]
For in vivo estimation of the antioxidant activity of UT, we have chosen acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis as a model for colitis because it is similar to human inflammatory bowel disease in its cause, histopathology, and proinflammatory cytokine profile.[9] Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by mucosal inflammation restricted to the colon and rectum.[10] The pathophysiology of UC remains unclear. In general, it is widely thought that this disorder is closely related to the high generation of reactive oxygen species and the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β.[11],[12] The proinflammatory nature of oxidative stress byproducts promotes the deterioration of the colonic mucosa and the entry of pathogens, which triggers an immune response and results in cell death and necrosis.[13],[14] Therefore, controlling inflammation and oxidative stress is a critical therapeutic goal for UC.[15] Thus, the current study directed to explore the phytochemical compound of UT and its antioxidant effect in vitro and in vivo.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Preparation of Uncaria tomentosa extract
The plant UT is cultivated and collected from Kirkuk, Iraq. Then it was dried in the shade for several days and was grounded finely. About 500 g of grounded plant powder of UT was macerated with a mixture of ethanol:water (80:20) in the dark at room temperature (22–25°C) for 3 days. The mixture was then filtered using Whatman no. 1 filter paper. The filtrate was then condensed at a temperature not exceeding 40°C using a rotary evaporator (Heidolph) to get greenish gummy exudate (60 g), which was kept at 4°C until employed for phytochemical analysis and in the experiment.[15]
Phytochemical screening and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis
The crude extract of UT was used for phytochemical screening to identify its chemical compound.[16] Then, High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis by liquid chromatography (Shimadzu, USA) was used to determine the main flavonoids in the plant extract, in which identifications were accomplished by comparing the retention times of examined materials to authentic standards prepared under identical chromatographic conditions.
In vitro antioxidant activity by using 2, 2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl assay
The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH method.[17] A stock solution of DPPH (1.3 mg/mL) was produced in ethanol. Mixing 100 µL of DPPH with 3 mL of ethanol, the absorbance at 517 nm was measured. Ascorbic acid was employed as a reference standard. The different concentrations of the extract and ascorbic acid (50, 75, 100, 150 μg/mL) were prepared. Every 1 mL sample solution was diluted with 3 mL ethanol, and 100 µL from DPPH stock solution was added. The test tubes were maintained in the dark at room temperature for 30 min. Then the absorbance was read at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) against ethanol as a blank. The DPPH antioxidant activity was calculated according to this formula:
where A0 was the absorbance of the control and A1 was the extract’s or standard’s absorbance. Then, the IC50 was determined through linear regression analysis of the dose-response curve plotting between % inhibition and concentrations.
Ethical approval
All methods for the current study’s experimental protocol and the subject information and consent form were reviewed and approved by a local ethics committee according to document number (20200865) on 8/12/2020. This research was carried out following the Helsinki Declaration’s guidelines.
Animals and study design
Forty male albino Wister rats (200 ± 20 g) were obtained from the College of Science, Babylon University. The animals were housed in standard plastic cages at a temperature 28°C–30°C and 50% humidity, with 12 h of light/dark cycle, had free access to a commercial diet, and were allowed to drink tap water. The rats were separated randomly into four groups (10 in each group): group 1 (control group) received an intrarectal infusion of normal saline (2 mL) on the day of induction, whereas other groups received 4% v/v AA (5 m/kg) transrectally on the day of induction; group 2 (colitis group) received normal saline orally; group 3 received sulfasalazine 100 mg/kg/day orally[18] (positive control); group 4 received orally UT extracts 250 mg/kg/day.[19] All treatment started 2 h after the AA installation and continued the treatment for 10 days.[20] After 24 h from the final oral dose of the treatments, rats were anesthetized with diethyl ether to sacrifice them. The abdomen was dissected, and the colon was excised and cleaned with chilled normal saline. The colon of all rats was assessed macroscopically. Then, the samples were cut into two pieces: one for fixation in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological study. The second part was kept at −80°C for tissue homogenization until oxidative stress parameters could be measured.
Colitis induction
The colitis was produced using AA in accordance with the method described by Atarbashe and Abu-Ragheb.[21] Before inducing colitis, rats were fasted for at least 24 h to empty the colon of feces, but the water was interrupted for 2 h before producing colitis. Briefly, under anesthesia with light ether, rats received 5 mL/kg of 4% v/v AA solution as a single transrectally infusion (8 cm away from the anus) using a medical polyurethane tube for enteral feeding. After AA installation, rats were held in a horizontal position for 2 min to prevent leakage of AA. The rats in the control group received the same treatment using 0.9% normal saline instead.
Assessment of macroscopic colonic score
The degree of macroscopic alteration was evaluated by awarding scores.[22] Briefly, the grading system is as follows: no visible change (grade 0); no ulcer, mucosal hyperemia only (grade 1); hyperemia and mild edema with little erosion, no ulcers (grade 2); one ulcer and inflammation at one site (grade 3); two or more site of inflammation or ulceration (grade 4); severe ulceration extending >l cm along the colon and tissue necrosis (grade 5); and damage extending >2 cm along the entire colon and tissue necrosis (grade 6).
Measurement of myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde level
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was determined in colon tissue samples using a modified method described by Bradley et al. (1982).[23] 0.1 g of colon tissue was homogenized in 1 mL of potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH = 6). The homogenate was homogenized in an ice bath with 5 mL buffer solution. Then, the homogenate was centrifuged at 4°C for 15 min at 15,000 rpm. The final amount was 3 mL of phosphate buffer (50 mM), 0.167 mg/mL O-dianisidine dihydrochloride, and 0.0005% hydrogen peroxide. Lastly, by measuring absorbance at 460 nm using a spectrophotometer, MPO activity was calculated as U/g (units/gram).
The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined spectrophotometrically at 535 nm based on the interaction between MDA and thiobarbituric acid according to the method previously described by Buege and Aust (1978).[24]
Histopathological study
For histological evaluation, the tissues of samples were preserved in 10% neutral formalin and incorporated in paraffin blocks. Then, 5-μm thick sections were sliced and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). An evaluation of microscopic abnormalities of a colonic lesion according to previously reported grading criteria[25] was as follows: (1) loss of the architecture of mucosa (0–3), (2) muscle thickening (0–3), (3) leukocyte infiltration (0–3), (4) formation of crypt abscess (0–1), and (5) loss of goblet cells (0–1); for a scale of 0–3 = absent, mild, moderate, and severe and scores 0–1 = absent or present. A blinded histopathologist examined each slide under a microscope; the maximum score was 11.
Statistical analysis
All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed by statistical package for social sciences, SPSS version 23. One-way of variance (analysis of variance) followed by least-significant difference test as a post hoc test was used to show significant differences between groups. The Spearmen correlation test measured the linearity of the DPPH result. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant throughout the study.[26]
| Results | | |
Phytochemical screening of Uncaria tomentosa extract
The qualitative phytochemical tests of the UT extract detected the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and terpenoids. According to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, several flavonoids were found in UT hydroethanolic extract such as catechin, rutin, p-Coumaric acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and isorhamnetin at different retention time, as shown in [Table 1]. | Table 1: High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the main flavonoids in UT extract shows retention time in minutes and quantity in ppm
Click here to view |
In vitro antioxidant activity of Uncaria tomentosa
As shown in [Figure 1] and [Table 2], the DPPH antioxidant capacity of UT was compared to that of ascorbic acid, which provided as a reference. Extract and standard IC50 values were 74.34 g/mL and 33.34 g/mL, respectively. There is a significant direct relationship between extract and standard concentration with inhibition percentage. | Figure 1: Correlation between the concentration of UT extract and ascorbic acid with inhibition percentage of DPPH
Click here to view |
In vivo antioxidant activity of Uncaria tomentosa
Effect of Uncaria tomentosa extract on oxidative stress parameters (myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde level)
Rectal installation of AA induced a highly significant increase (P < 0.001) in MPO activity (76.29 ± 2.23) and MDA level (48.92 ± 1.42) in colonic tissue as compared to the control group (18.29 ± 1.82; 10.63 ± 1.23), respectively, as shown in [Figure 2]a and b. | Figure 2: Effect of UT extract and sulfasalazine on (a) MPO and (b) MDA. ***P < 0.001 vs. control group and ###P < 0.001 vs. AA group
Click here to view |
Also, treatment with UT extract and sulfasalazine significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the increment in the MPO activity (44.30 ± 2.06 and 30.27 ± 2.06), respectively, and decreased the MDA level (27.45 ± 1.9 and 18.82 ± 1.66), respectively, upon comparison with colitis group, as shown in [Figure 2]a and b.
Effect of Uncaria tomentosa extract on macroscopic changes score and histopathological changes
The macroscopic feature was assessed with grades ranging from 0 to 6. The control group did not have a score 0.00 ± 0.00, whereas the colitis group manifested significant damage (5.15 ± 0.26), such as thickening of the colon and massive tissue necrosis and ulceration. Treatment with UT extract and sulfasalazine significantly lowered the extent of the visible damage (2.83 ± 0.41 and 1.96 ± 0.33), respectively (P > 0.001; [Table 3]). | Table 3: Histopathological changes score and macroscopic changes score of experimental groups
Click here to view |
In addition, as shown in [Figure 3], specimens from the control group exhibited normal colon histology. Rectal injection of AA caused diffuse damage and necrosis with severe mucosal ulceration and was associated with massive inflammatory cell infiltration. Therefore, the colitis group has a higher histopathological score than the control group (P < 0.001; [Table 2]). Treatment with UT extract and sulfasalazine resulted in an improved histological pattern with fewer mucosal ulcers, preservation of crypts, and markedly decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. Therefore, AA + UT and AA + sulfasalazine groups had lower microscopic scores than the colitis group (P < 0.001; [Table 3]). | Figure 3: Photomicrographs of colonic tissue sections for (a) control group shows intact colonic mucosa and submucosa (arrowhead); (b) colitis group shows UC features: ulceration (blue arrow) and inflammatory cells infiltration (purple); (c) AA + sulfasalazine and (d) AA + UT extract groups show an improved histological feature with mild erosion mucosa (yellow arrow), less inflammatory cell infiltration (blue), a smaller ulcer (red line), and mucosal regeneration (black arrow); H&E stain, ×10
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
The preliminary phytochemical screening of UT detected the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, steroids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids. This result was consistent with a study reported by Laus et al.[27] that revealed the accumulation of oxindole alkaloids in the UT leaves and bark. Also, other studies have demonstrated that a cat’s claw contained substances other than oxindole alkaloids, which may be responsible for its medical properties, such as coumarins, flavonoids, quinovic acid glycosides, and triterpenes.[28]
According to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis in this study, the hydroethanolic extract of UT contains different flavonoids and polyphenols, such as catechin, rutin, p-Coumaric acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, and others, in high proportion. Phenolic chemicals are essential plant ingredients known to be potent chain-breaking antioxidants. Phenolic substances may directly contribute to antioxidant activity.[29] According to some research, human mutagenesis and carcinogenesis may be inhibited by phenolic substances.[30],[31]
DPPH scavenging capacity has been widely utilized as a rapid and accurate indicator to evaluate plant extracts’ general antioxidant activity in vitro attributed to phenolic components.[32] Antioxidants are believed to affect DPPH because of their ability to donate hydrogen.[33] The results of the DPPH antioxidant capacity of the UT show a direct relationship between UT extract concentration and the percentage of inhibition. Even though the DPPH result of the extract is less than that of ascorbic acid, this finding demonstrated that the extract can donate protons and may act as a free radical inhibitor or scavenger. Our finding is compatible with the previous study reported by Navarro et al.[34] who found that the UT extract exhibited a high level of antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH capacity, peroxyl radical-trapping capacity, and superoxide radical scavenging activity.
This study investigated the potential antioxidant effects of UT extract on AA-induced colitis in rats. The experimental model of UC induced by AA closely resembles the human UC in clinical manifestations such as weight reduction, diarrhea, and macroscopic and microscopic abnormalities.[35] In the present study, the untreated colitis group demonstrated a significant increase in inflammatory inflow, ulcerative area, and colonic necrosis compared to the control group. All of the previously stated variables are major UC indicators.[36] The findings revealed that UT extract significantly mitigated AA-induced colitis in rats. Our findings were agreed with a previous study that found the UT aqueous extract protected human erythrocytes from oxidative stress and relieving chronic intestinal inflammation caused by indomethacin.[2],[37]
Oxidative stress is a critical factor contributing to tissue damage in UC. Excessive production of free radicals by activated macrophages and neutrophils in inflamed mucosa leads to the pathophysiology of UC and damages the intestinal mucous membranes.[38] Finally, our finding showed that the MDA level was elevated in the colonic tissue of the untreated colitis group, but treatment with UT extract decreased its tissue level. MPO is an indicator of leukocyte infiltration and was upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease.[39] This study showed elevated MPO activity in the colitis group and dramatically reduced with UT extract treatment. Consequently, it supports UT extract’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action.
| Conclusions | | |
The antioxidant analysis showed that UT has a higher antioxidant capacity and therapeutic antioxidant effects on experimentally induced colitis. This result may be because it contains flavonoids, polyphenols, and other phytochemicals. This study’s findings indicated that UT might be a source of natural antioxidants that could be useful in preventing or slowing the progression of oxidative stress-related degenerative diseases.
Acknowledgments
Nil.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ contribution
All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study, analysis of data, statistical analysis, preparation, editing, and reviewing of the article.
| References | | |
| 1. | Batiha GE, Beshbishy AM, Tayebwa DS, Adeyemi OS, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I Anti-piroplasmic potential of the methanolic Peganum harmala seeds and ethanolic Artemisia absinthium leaf extracts. J Protozool Res 2019;29:8-25.  |
| 2. | Sandoval M, Okuhama NN, Zhang XJ, Condezo LA, Lao J, Angeles’ FM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content. Phytomedicine 2002;9:325-37. |
| 3. | Navarro Hoyos M, Sánchez-Patán F, Murillo Masis R, Martín-Álvarez PJ, Zamora Ramirez W, Monagas MJ, et al. Phenolic assessment of Uncaria tomentosa L. (cat’s claw): Leaves, stem, bark and wood extracts. Molecules 2015;20:22703-17. |
| 4. | Sandoval M, Charbonnet RM, Okuhama NN, Roberts J, Krenova Z, Trentacosti AM, et al. Cat’s claw inhibits TNF alpha production and scavenges free radicals: role in cytoprotection. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29:71-8. |
| 5. | Zhang Q, Zhao JJ, Xu J, Feng F, Qu W Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Uncaria. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;173:48-80. |
| 6. | Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset CL Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT—Food Sci Technol 1995;28:25-30. |
| 7. | Carmona-Jiménez Y, García-Moreno MV, Igartuburu JM, Garcia Barroso C Simplification of the DPPH assay for estimating the antioxidant activity of wine and wine by-products. Food Chem 2014;165:198-204. |
| 8. | Kedare SB, Singh RP Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay. J Food Sci Technol 2011;48:412-22. |
| 9. | Atarbashe RK, Abu-Raghif A Comparative treatment of induced ulcerative colitis in male rat model by using cinnarizine and sulfasalazine. Iraqi J Vet Sci 2020;34:465-72. |
| 10. | Gajendran M, Loganathan P, Jimenez G, Catinella AP, Ng N, Umapathy C, et al. A comprehensive review and update on ulcerative colitis. Dis Mon 2019;65:100851. |
| 11. | Khassaf MB, Qasim BJ Histopathological assessment of colonoscopic biopsies in patients with bleeding per rectum. Med J Babylon 2022;19:203. |
| 12. | Yao J, Wang JY, Liu L, Li YX, Xun AY, Zeng WS, et al. Anti-oxidant effects of resveratrol on mice with DSS-induced ulcerative colitis. Arch Med Res 2010;41:288-94. |
| 13. | Wang Z, Li S, Cao Y, Tian X, Zeng R, Liao DF, et al. Oxidative stress and carbonyl lesions in ulcerative colitis and associated colorectal cancer. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:9875298. |
| 14. | Gupta RA, Motiwala MN, Mahajan UN, Sabre SG Protective effect of Sesbania grandiflora on acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in mice by inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6. J Ethnopharmacol 2018;219:222-32. |
| 15. | Yepes-Perez AF, Herrera-Calderón O, Oliveros CA, Flórez-Álvarez L, Zapata-Cardona MI, Yepes L, et al. The hydroalcoholic extract of Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) inhibits the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:6679761. |
| 16. | Herborne JB Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Springer Science & Business Media. 1998. |
| 17. | Patel Rajesh M, Patel Natvar J In vitro antioxidant activity of coumarin compounds by DPPH, super oxide and nitric oxide free radical scavenging methods. J Adv Pharm Educ Res 2011;1:52-68. |
| 18. | Niu X, Zhang H, Li W, Wang Y, Mu Q, Wang X, et al. Protective effect of cavidine on acetic acid-induced murine colitis via regulating antioxidant, cytokine profile and NF-κB signal transduction pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2015;239:34-45. |
| 19. | Rojas P, Timoteo O, Aguilar J Effects of an extract of Uncaria tomentosa (Uña De Gato) on TNF-Α and IL-10: Production, and on leukocyte migration in the mouse air pouch model. Revista Peruana De Reumatología 2019;25:13-24. |
| 20. | Morsy MA, Khalaf HM, Rifaai RA, Bayoumi AMA, Khalifa EMMA, Ibrahim YF Canagliflozin, an SGLT-2 inhibitor, ameliorates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats through targeting glucose metabolism and inhibiting NOX2. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;141:111902. |
| 21. | Atarbashe RK, Abu-Raghif A Comparative treatment of induced ulcerative colitis in male rat model by using cinnarizine and sulfasalazine. Iraqi J Vet Sci 2020;34:465-72. |
| 22. | Wallace JL, MacNaughton WK, Morris GP, Beck PL Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis markedly accelerates healing in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1989;96:29-36. |
| 23. | Bradley PP, Priebat DA, Christensen RD, Rothstein G Measurement of cutaneous inflammation: Estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker. J Invest Dermatol 1982;78:206-9. |
| 24. | Buege JA, Aust SD Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 1978;52:302-10. |
| 25. | Wang G, Xu B, Shi F, Du M, Li Y, Yu T, et al. Protective effect of methane-rich saline on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis via blocking the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK pathway and promoting IL-10/JAK1/STAT3-mediated anti-inflammatory response. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019;2019:7850324. |
| 26. | Indrayan A Medical biostatistics as a science of managing medical uncertainties. Indian J Community Med 2021;46:182-5. |
| 27. | Laus G, Brössner D, Keplinger K Alkaloids of Peruvian Uncaria tomentosa. Phytochem 1997;45:855-60. |
| 28. | Dreifuss AA, Bastos-Pereira AL, Fabossi IA, Lívero FA, Stolf AM, Alves de Souza CE, et al. Uncaria tomentosa exerts extensive anti-neoplastic effects against the Walker-256 tumour by modulating oxidative stress and not by alkaloid activity. PLoS One 2013;8:e54618. |
| 29. | Amir M, Mujeeb M, Khan A, Ashraf K, Sharma D, Aqil M Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of Uncaria gambir. Int J Green Pharm 2012;6:67-72. |
| 30. | Patil SM, Kadam VJ, Ghosh R In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of stem bark of Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae). Int J PharmTech Res 2009;1:1480-4. |
| 31. | Lefta SF, Kadhim A Association of pregnancy loss with breast cancer in Babil governorate’s women. Med J Babylon 2022;19:15. |
| 32. | Munasinghe TCJ, Seneviratne CK, Thabrew MI, Abeysekera AM Antiradical and antilipoperoxidative effects of some plant extracts used by Sri Lankan traditional medical practitioners for cardioprotection. Phytother Res 2001;15:519-23. |
| 33. | Shirwaikar A, Prabhu KS, Punitha IS In vitro antioxidant studies of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn). Indian J Exp Biol 2006;44:993-6. |
| 34. | Navarro M, Arnaez E, Moreira I, Hurtado A, Monge D, Monagas M Polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Uncaria tomentosa commercial bark products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019;8:339. |
| 35. | Manna MJ, Abu-Raghif A, Abbood MS Effect of captopril on inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress parameters and histological outcome in experimental induced colitis. J Pharm Sci Res 2017;9:1629. |
| 36. | Xiao YT, Yan WH, Cao Y, Yan JK, Cai W Neutralization of IL-6 and TNF-α ameliorates intestinal permeability in DSS-induced colitis. Cytokine 2016;83:189-92. |
| 37. | Bors M, Bukowska B, Pilarski R, Gulewicz K, Oszmiański J, Michałowicz J, et al. Protective activity of the Uncaria tomentosa extracts on human erythrocytes in oxidative stress induced by 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and catechol. Food Chem Toxicol 2011;49:2202-11. |
| 38. | Tian T, Wang Z, Zhang J Pathomechanisms of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease and potential antioxidant therapies. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017;2017:4535194. |
| 39. | Mitani T, Yoshioka Y, Furuyashiki T, Yamashita Y, Shirai Y, Ashida H Enzymatically synthesized glycogen inhibits colitis through decreasing oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2017;106:355-67. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
|
Search Pubmed for